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1998-04-26
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// Physics
// 16th century
#p <o>physicist<nat>British<n>William Gilbert<b>1540<d>1603
#p <o>physicist<nat>Dutch<n>Willebrord Snell<b>1591<d>1627
#e <t>disc<n>electrification<d>1600<au>Gilbert<info>electrification of materials other than amber
#e <t>theory<n>earth's magnetic moment<d>1600<au>Gilbert
// 17th century
#p <o>physicist<nat>Italian<o>priest<n>Francesco Maria Grimaldi<b>1618 Apr 2<d>1663<c>Bologna<info>Jesuit
#p <o>physicist<nat>Dutch<n>Christiaan Huygens<b>1629 Apr 14<d>1695 Jul 8<c>Holland<dep>1666<c>Paris<dep>1681<c>Holland
#p <o>physicist<nat>English<n>Robert Hooke<b>1635 Jul 18<d>1703
#p <o>physicist<nat>British<o>math<n>Isaac Newton<b>1642 Dec 25<d>1727
#p <o>physicist<nat>Swiss<n>Daniel Bernoulli<sur>D. Bernoulli<b>1700 Feb 8 (N)<d>1782
#e <t>invent<au>Huygens<n>cycloidal pendulum clock<d>1658
#e <t>disc<au>Grimaldi<n>diffraction of light<d>1660(1)
#e <t>theory<au>Newton<n>calculus<d>1665
#e <t>invent<au>Newton<n>reflecting telescope<d>1668
#e <t>pub<au>Newton<tit>Principia Mathematica<d>1686 Jul 5
// 18th century
#p <o>physicist<nat>French<n>Charles Coulomb<b>1736 Jun 14<d>1806
#p <o>physicist<nat>Italian<n>Alessandro Volta<b>1745 Feb 18<d>1827
#p <o>physicist<nat>British<n>Thomas Young<b>1773<d>1829
#p <o>physicist<nat>French<n>André-Marie Ampère<b>1775<d>1836
#p <o>physicist<nat>Danish<n>Hans Christian Oersted<b>1777<d>1851
#p <o>physicist<nat>German<n>Georg Ohm<b>1787 Mar 16<d>1854
#p <o>physicist<nat>French<n>Augustin Fresnel<b>1788<d>1827
#p <o>physicist<nat>British<n>Michael Faraday<b>1791 Sep 22<d>1867
#p <o>physicist<nat>French<n>Sadi Carnot<b>1796 Jun 1<d>1832 Aug 24
#p <o>physicist<nat>American<n>Joseph Henry<b>1797<d>1878
#e <t>pub<au>D. Bernoulli<tit>Hydrodynamica<d>1738
#e <t>disc<n>inverse-square law of magnetism<d>1750<info>by John Michell
#e <t>theory<n>inverse-square law of electricity<d>1785<au>Coulomb
#e <t>inv<n>battery<aka>voltaic pile<d>1800<au>Volta
// 19th century
#p <o>physicist<nat>Austrian<n>Christian Doppler<b>1803 Nov 29<d>1853
#p <o>physicist<nat>British<n>James Prescott Joule<b>1818 Dec 24<d>1889
#p <o>physicist<nat>French<n>Armand Fizeau<b>1819<d>1896
#p <o>physicist<nat>French<n>Jean Foucault<b>1819 Sep 18<d>1868
#p <o>physicist<nat>German<n>Hermann von Helmholtz<sur>Helmholtz<b>1821<d>1894
#p <o>physicist<nat>German<n>Rudolph Clausius<b>1822<d>1888
#p <o>physicist<nat>British<o>math<n>Lord Kelvin<aka>William Thompson<b>1824 Jun 26<d>1907
#p <o>physicist<nat>Scottish<n>James Clerk Maxwell<b>1831<d>1879
#p <o>physicist<nat>Austrian<n>Ludwig Boltzmann<b>1844<d>1906
#p <o>physicist<nat>Dutch<n>Hendrik Antoon Lorentz<b>1853 Jul 18<d>1928 Feb 4
#p <o>physicist<nat>Dutch<n>Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes<b>1853 Sep 21<d>1926
#p <o>physicist<nat>French<n>Marcel Brillouin<b>1854 Dec 19<d>1948 Jun 16
#p <o>physicist<nat>Croatian<n>Nikola Tesla<b>1856 Jul 9<d>1943
#p <o>physicist<nat>British<n>Sir Joseph J. Thomson<sur>J. J. Thomson<b>1856 Dec 18<d>1940
#p <o>physicist<nat>German<n>Heinrich Hertz<b>1857 Feb 22<d>1894
#p <o>physicist<nat>German<n>Max Planck<b>1858 Apr 23<d>1947 Oct 4
#p <o>physicist<nat>German<o>chemist<n>Walther Nernst<b>1864<d>1941
#p <o>physicist<nat>Polish<n>Marie Curie<fem><sur>M. Curie<b>1867 Nov 7<d>1934 Jul 4<c>Poland<dep>1891<c>France
#p <o>physicist<nat>American<n>Robert Millikan<b>1868<d>1953
#p <o>physicist<nat>New Zealander<n>Ernest Rutherford<b>1871<d>1937
#p <o>physicist<nat>German<n>Albert Einstein<b>1879 Mar 14<d>1955 Apr 18
<c>Germany<dep>1894<c>Switzerland<dep>1910<c>Prague<dep>1918<c>Germany<dep>1933<c>U.S.
#p <o>physicist<nat>German<n>Max Born<b>1882 Dec 11<d>1970 Jan 5<c>Germany<dep>1933<c>Cambridge
#p <o>physicist<nat>Dutch<n>Peter Debye<b>1884 Mar 24<d>1966 Nov 2<c>Holland<dep>1905<c>Germany<dep>1939<c>U.S.
#p <o>physicist<nat>Danish<n>Niels Bohr<b>1885 Oct 7<d>1962 Nov 18
<c>Danmark<dep>1943 Jun(6)<c>Sweden<c>Britain<arr>1943 Aug(6)<c>U.S.<dep>1945<c>Danmark
#p <o>physicist<nat>Austrian<n>Erwin Schrödinger<b>1887 Aug 2<d>1961 Jan 4<c>Austria<dep>1938(2)<c>Ireland<dep>1956<c>Austria
#p <o>physicist<nat>British<n>William Bragg<b>1890 Mar 31<d>1971 Jul 1<c>Australia<dep>1908<c>Britain
#p <o>physicist<nat>French<n>Louis de Broglie<b>1892 Aug 15<d>1987
#p <o>physicist<nat>American<n>Arthur Compton<b>1892 Sep 10<d>1962 Mar 15
#p <o>physicist<nat>Austrian<n>Wolfgang Pauli<b>1900 Apr 25<d>1958 Dec 14
#e <t>theory<au>Young<n>interference of light waves<d>1801 Nov 12
#e <t>disc<n>electric current deflects compass<d>1819<au>Oersted
#e <t>theory<n>all magnets are created by electric currents<d>1820(2)<au>Ampère
#e <t>theory<au>Carnot<n>the Carnot cycle<d>1824
#e <t>pub<au>Ampère<tit>Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena<d>1827
#e <t>disc<n>magnetic induction<aka>dynamo<d>1831<c>Britain<au>Faraday<info>current can be induced by a moving magnet
#e <t>theory<au>Helmholtz<n>First Law of thermodynamics<d>1845(5)
#e <t>exp<au>Fizeau<n>speed of light measured to within 4%<d>1849
#e <t>theory<au>Clausius<n>Second Law of thermodynamics<d>1850
#e <t>theory<au>Clausius<n>definition of entropy<d>1865
#e <t>theory<n>laws of electromagnetism<d>1873<au>Maxwell
#e <t>exp<n>Michelson-Morley experiment<d>1887<info>This experiment refutes the existence of an ether
#e <t>disc<n>radio waves<d>1888<au>Hertz
#e <t>exp<n>electron's charge-to-mass ratio<d>1897<au>J. J. Thomson
// 20th century
#p <o>physicist<nat>Italian<n>Enrico Fermi<b>1901 Sep 29<d>1954<c>Italy<dep>1938(2)<c>U.S.
#p <o>physicist<nat>German<n>Werner Heisenberg<b>1901 Dec 5<d>1976 Feb 1
#p <o>physicist<nat>British<n>Paul Dirac<b>1902 Aug 8<d>1984 Oct 20
#p <o>physicist<nat>American<n>George Gamov<b>1904<d>1968
#p <o>physicist<nat>American<n>J. Robert Oppenheimer<b>1904 Apr 22<d>1967
#p <o>physicist<nat>Russian<n>Lev Landau<b>1908 Jan 22<d>1968 Apr 1
#p <o>physicist<nat>American<n>Richard Feynman<b>1918<d>1988
#e <t>theory<au>Einstein<n>photoelectric effect<d>1905
#e <t>theory<au>Einstein<n>special relativity<d>1905
#e <t>theory<au>Nernst<n>Third Law of thermodynamics<d>1906<c>Berlin
#e <t>exp<n>Millikan's oil-drop experiment<d>1909<au>Millikan
#e <t>theory<au>Einstein<n>general relativity<d>1915
#e <t>obs<n>confirmation of General Relativity<d>1919
<info>observations of solar eclipse by Eddington and Crommelin support Einstein's theory
#e <t>theory<au>de Broglie<n>the wave nature of electrons<d>1923
#e <t>conf<n>1927 Solvay Physics Conference<c>Brussels<d>1927 Oct 23<e>1927 Oct 29
#e <t>disc<d>1928<n>spin<c>Netherlands<info>by Uhlenbeck & Goudsmit
#e <t>exp<n>first sustained nuclear chain reaction<d>1942 Dec 2<c>Chicago
// Helium
#e <t>disc<d>1868<n>helium on the sun<info>by J.N. Lockyer
#e <t>disc<d>1895<n>helium in mineral cleveite<info>by Sir William Ramsay
#e <t>disc<d>1905<n>natural gas that contains 2% helium<c>Kansas
#e <t>disc<d>1908<n>liquefication of helium<au>Kamerlingh-Onnes<c>Netherlands
#e <t>law<d>1925 Mar 3<n>Helium Act<c>U.S.
#e <t>law<d>1937 Sep 1<n>amendment to Helium Act<c>U.S.<info>amendment allows sales to non-Federal customers
#e <t>law<d>1960 Sep 13<n>amendment to Helium Act<c>U.S.<info>amendment provides for conservation of this element